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Naito Konan （1866-1934 , 内藤湖南） Calligraphy
"Kongakukibunissoku" （困学紀聞一則）
Ink on silk
Main 151,5×39,2 cm
Hanging scroll
Accessory：wood box
"Kongakukibunissoku" （困学紀聞、*Kùn xué jì wén* 、Record of Studies Amidst Adversity) is a seminal work that pioneered the tradition of *kaozheng* (evidential research) in China. It comprises twenty volumes and was authored by Wang Yinglin of the Southern Song Dynasty, completed during the Xianchun era (1265–1274).
The author, Wang Yinglin, was a prominent Confucian scholar of the Southern Song period, also renowned for compiling works such as *Yuhai* (Sea of Jade). The term *kunxue* refers to the pursuit of learning despite facing hardship. The title signifies a work in which the author painstakingly selected important texts from the "Four Categories" (Confucian classics, history, philosophy, and literature), classified them, and added critical commentary and evidential research. The topics covered include the *Zhouyi* (Book of Changes), *Shangshu* (Book of Documents), *Shijing* (Book of Songs), *Zhouli* (Rites of Zhou), *Yili* (Book of Etiquette and Ceremonial), *Liji* (Book of Rites), *Da Dai Liji* (Record of Rites by Dai De), *Chunqiu* (Spring and Autumn Annals) and its three commentaries, *Lunyu* (Analects), *Xiaojing* (Classic of Filial Piety), *Mengzi* (Mencius), *Xiaoxue* (Elementary Learning), *Jingshuo* (Exegesis of Classics), *Tiandao* (Way of Heaven), *Lishu* (Calendrical Science), *Dili* (Geography), *Zhuzi Baijia* (Hundred Schools of Thought), *Kaoshi* (Historical Research), *Pingwen* (Literary Criticism), *Pingshi* (Poetry Criticism), and *Zashi* (Miscellaneous Notes).
The work includes annotations by Qing Dynasty scholars—Yan Ruoqu, Quan Zuwang, Cheng Yaotian, He Zhuo, Qian Daxin, Tu Jixu, and Wan Xihuai—collectively known as the *Kunxue Jiwen Qijian* (Seven Commentaries on *Kunxue Jiwen*). There is also a twenty-volume edition annotated by Weng Yuanqi, known as the *Weng-zhu Kunxue Jiwen*.
Although the first edition was published in 1325 (the second year of the Taiding era) during the Yuan Dynasty, extant printed editions include those from the Ming Dynasty, the Qianlong era (1736–1795) of the Qing Dynasty, and a facsimile edition based on the Yuan print (published in 1926). It is also included in the third series of the *Sibu Congkan* (Collection of the Four Categories).
【Naitō Konan】A scholar of Oriental history. His real name was Torajiro. He was born in Kemanaimura, Mutsu Province (Kazuno City, Akita Prefecture). He started out as a reporter for the Osaka Asahi Shimbun and other publications. He was well versed in Chinese history, and later became a professor at Kyoto Imperial University, where he lectured on Sinology. His works include The History of Chinese Historiography and Research on Japanese Cultural History. He lived from 1866 to 1934 (1866-1934).
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